The family tree for John of Gaunt should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. His time at the head of government was marked by the so-called Good Parliament of 1376 and the Bad Parliament of 1377. John (1374-1375) Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and his three elder sons (the 3rd and 4th Dukes and the Earl of Dorset), all lost their lives, leaving no legitimate male heir. Morieux held several important posts, including Constable of the Tower the year he was married, and Master of Horse to King Richard II two years later. The known names of these children are Blanche and Thomas. During his second marriage, some time around 1373 (the approximate birth year of their eldest son, John Beaufort) John of Gaunt entered into an extra-marital love affair with Katherine Swynford, the daughter of an ordinary knight, which would produce four children for the couple. With them, he participated in the Siege of Limoges (September 1370). Although Philippa died c. 1387, the men were bound as brothers and Lancaster's children by Katherine - John, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufort - were Chaucer's nephews and niece. Vol. [42] He thus continued to signal his alliance with the Castilian royal house, while abandoning any claim to the throne. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 16:49. Updates? John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 3 February 1399) was an English royal prince, military leader, and statesman. He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. Blanche of Portugal (1388-1389) 3. The poem refers to John and Blanche in allegory as the narrator relates the tale of "A long castel with walles white/Be Seynt Johan, on a ryche hil" (13181319) who is mourning grievously after the death of his love, "And goode faire White she het/That was my lady name ryght" (948949). Edward (1365) died within a year of his birth and was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester. John took pains to ensure that he never became associated with the opposition to Richard's kingship. Five anonymous living donors, all members of the extended family of the present Duke of Beaufort, who claim descent from both the Plantagenets and Tudors through the children of John of. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth. His second son John became the first Duke of Somerset in 1443.[3]. At one point he was forced to take refuge across the Thames, while his Savoy Palace only just escaped looting. John (1362-1365) was the first-born son of John and Blanche of Lancaster and lived possibly at least until after the birth of his brother Edward of Lancaster in 1365 and died before his second brother another short lived boy called John in 1366. His direct male line, the House of Lancaster, would rule England from 1399 until the time of the Wars of the Roses. After Blanche's death in 1368, shortly after the birth of her last child, John married, in 1371,Infanta Constance of Castile, daughter of KingPeter of Castile, giving him a claim to theCrown of Castile. Daughter of: John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Margaret Beauchamp. is descended from. Descendants of this marriage include Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, a grandmother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, a great-grandfather of King Henry VII; and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, from whom are descended all subsequent sovereigns of Scotland beginning in 1437 and all sovereigns of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1603 to the present day. John, son of the King of England, Duke of Lancaster, whereas I have purchased divers manors, &c. before my marriage with my dear wife Catherine, to whom I have given several parts for her life, and I have enfeoffed my dear son John Beaufort, Marquis of Dorset, with certain other parts, &c. to my dear son Thomas Beaufort, brother of the aforesaid John, manors which belonged to Edward de Kendale, the reversion of which I have bought of Dame Elizabeth Crosier, also the lordships, &c. of which Dame Elizabeth Barry held for the term of her life, to him and the heirs of his body; in default of which to my said son John, and the heirs of his body; failing which to my dear daughter Joan, their sister, Countess of Westmoreland; I will that my dear bachelier Monsr Robert Nevil, William Gascoigne, my dear esquires, Thomas de Radclyf, and William Kat'yng, and my dear clerk Thomas de Langley, who, according to my directions, are enfeoffed in the Manor of Bernolswyk, in the County of York, pay annually to my executors for Dame Katherine del Staple xx marks for her life; and touching the wapentakes of Hangest, Hangwest, and Halykeld, in Richmondshire, which I have before granted to my dear son-in-law Ralph Earl of Westmoreland, and to my daughter Joan, his wife, for their lives, I will, &c. From Testamenta Vetusta, Being Illustrations from Wills, of Manners, Customs, &c., vol. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The term Gaunt, a corruption of the name of his birthplace, Ghent, was never employed after he was three years old; it became the popularly accepted form of his name through its use in Shakespeares play Richard II. These sources are attached to each ancestor so that you can personally judge their reliability. John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford can count many of Europe's royal persons among their descendants, as well as some American presidents (except for the current one - no one can really say for certain who his ancestors are because they can't find his birth certificate). However, he did not immediately return to the province, but remained in England and mainly ruled through seneschals as an absentee duke. This four-month ride through enemy territory, evading French armies on the way, was a bold stroke that impressed contemporaries but achieved virtually nothing. [30] Most conspicuous in this short poem is the number of references to Chaucer's "beste frend". Elizabeth (1364-1426), married (1) in 1380 John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1372-1389), annulled 1383; married (2) in 1386 John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (1350-1400); (3) Sir John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke (d. 1443) Their daughter Philippa became Queen of Portugal by marrying King John I of Portugal in 1387. When John died in 1399, Richard II confiscated the Lancastrian estates, thereby preventing them from passing to Johns son, Henry Bolingbroke. For places and organisations named after him, see, A portrait commissioned in c. 1593 by Sir, John of Gaunt: Son of One King, Father of Another, Kathryn Warner, Amberley Publishing, 2022. John was left isolated (even the Black Prince supported the need for reform) and the Commons refused to grant money for the war unless most of the great officers of state were dismissed and the king's mistress Alice Perrers, another focus of popular resentment, was barred from any further association with him. Meanwhile, in England, war had nearly broken out between the followers of King Richard II and the followers of Gloucester. He immediately had the ailing king grant pardons to all the officials impeached by the Parliament; Alice Perrers too was reinstated at the heart of the king's household. Corrections? After the death in 1376 of his older brother Edward of Woodstock (also known as the "Black Prince"), John of Gaunt contrived to protect the religious reformer John Wycliffe,[15] possibly to counteract the growing secular power of the church. The death of the Black Prince on 8 June 1376 and the onset of Edward III's last illness at the closing of Parliament on 10 July left John with all the reins of power. Through his great-granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort he was also an ancestor of Henry VII, who married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York, and all subsequent monarchs are descendants of their marriage. Please note: The ancestor reports on this website have been compiled from thousands of different sources, many over 100 years old. Through his daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, he was an ancestor of the Yorkist kings Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III. John of Gaunt received most of the blame for the debcle.[13]. There is, however, evidence that he may occasionally have used this second marshalling at earlier dates. Joan's many descendants include the Dukes of York, Warwick the "Kingmaker", the Dukes of Norfolk, the Dukes of Buckingham, the Earls of Northumberland, and Catherine Parr, the last queen of Henry VIII . This family, the Beauforts, played an important part in 15th-century politics. It may be that he felt he had to maintain this posture of loyalty to protect his son Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV), who had also been one of the Lords Appellant, from Richard's wrath; but, in 1398, Richard had Bolingbroke exiled, and on John of Gaunt's death the next year he disinherited Bolingbroke completely, seizing John's vast estates for the Crown. {{ mediasCtrl.getTitle(media, true) }} He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. He made an abortive attempt to enforce a claim to the Crown of Castile that came through his second wife, Constance of Castile, and for a time styled himself as King of Castile. The present Somerset family, Dukes of Beaufort, of Badminton House in Gloucestershire, are illegitimate direct male descendants of John of Gaunt, being illegitimate descendants of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, first cousin of Margaret Beaufort (1443-1509). The grave and monument were destroyed with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. John (13661367) most likely died after the birth of his younger brother Henry, the future. Fit for a King (or Queen): the British Royalty Quiz, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-of-Gaunt-duke-of-Lancaster, Spartacus Educational - Biography of John of Gaunt, English Monarchs - Biography of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Benjamin Harrison V: A famed American revolutionary and founding father of the United States of America. On his return from France in 1374, John took a more decisive and persistent role in the direction of English foreign policy. Philippa of Lancaster (1360-1415) 3. Known for: a legitimized daughter of Katherine Swynford and John of Gaunt, one of Edward III 's sons, Joan Beaufort was an ancestor of Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VIII, Elizabeth of York, and Catherine Parr. Exercising his first command, John dared not attack such a superior force and the two armies faced each other across a marsh for several weeks until the English were reinforced by the Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, at which the French withdrew without offering battle. John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of King Richard II (Edward the Black Prince's son) and the ensuing periods of political strife. When Edward III died in 1377 and John's ten-year-old nephew succeeded as Richard II of England, John's influence strengthened. John impeached William of Wykeham and other leaders of the reform movement, and secured their conviction on old or trumped-up charges. Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and Cardinal (1375-1447) During this retreat, the army had to fight its way across the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque against a French army led by Hugh de Chtillon, who was captured and sold to Edward III. It is always preferable to locate primary records where possible. Though it seemed an inglorious conclusion to the campaign, John had forced the French king, Charles V, to abandon his plans to invade England that autumn.[9]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Constance of Castile Facts: Known for: her claim to the crown of Castile led to an attempt by her husband, England's John of Gaunt, to control that land. Learn how and when to remove this template message, John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke, Death of John of Gaunt, Richard Cavendish explains the life and death of Henry IV's father, on February 3rd, 1399, Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present, www.measuringworth.com, "British History in depth: Black Death: Political and Social Changes", Several entries, as Duke of Aquitaine & Lancaster; and as King of Castile and Duke of Lancaster, "Explanatory Notes on 'The Book of the Duchess', "Marks of cadency in the British royal family", Sir Jean Froissart: John of Gaunt in Portugal, 1385, Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester, Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester, Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Gaunt&oldid=1149661958, Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of Castile, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from December 2022, All articles needing additional references, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Articles needing additional references from March 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, During his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt fathered four children by a mistress, the widow. London: Nichols & Son, 1826. Upon arrival in Bordeaux, many more succumbed to the bubonic plague that was raging in the city. From then until 1377, he was effectively the head of the English government due to the illness of his father and elder brother, who were unable to exercise authority. John married Katherine in 1396, and their four children, the Beauforts, were legitimised by King Richard II and the Church, but barred from inheriting the throne. Close. The Beaufort Yale, an heraldic beast used as supporters of the escutcheon; The Forget-me-Not flower (Myosotis sylvatica), a reference to the heraldic motto of Lady Margaret Beaufort, This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 18:29. The name Beaufort refers to the estate of Montmorency-Beaufort in Champagne, France, an ancient and seemingly important possession of the House of Lancaster. And I ordain my most dear and entirely beloved brother Edmond Duke of York; my most dear and entirely beloved nephew Edward Duke of Aumerle; the Reverend Fathers in God Roger Archbishop of Canterbury; Richard Archbishop of York; and the Bishop of Lincoln, my dear son, supervisors of this my last will, whom, with my Lord the King, I pray to be faithful surveyors of the same. Because of his rank, John of Gaunt was one of England's principal military commanders in the 1370s and 1380s, though his enterprises were never rewarded with the kind of dazzling success that had made his elder brother Edward the Black Prince such a charismatic war leader. Furthermore, while King Edward and the Prince of Wales were popular heroes due to their successes on the battlefield, John of Gaunt had not won equivalent military renown that could have bolstered his reputation. Upon the death of his father-in-law, the 1st Duke of Lancaster, in 1361, John received half his lands, the title "Earl of Lancaster", and distinction as the greatest landowner in the north of England as heir of the Palatinate of Lancaster. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373-1410)-married Margaret Holland. The Complete Peerage, or a history of the House of Lords and all its members from the earliest times, volume XII part 1: Skelmersdale to Towton. In 1397 he obtained legitimization of the four children born to her before their marriage. 12 NOVEMBER 1910, Page 16 . CODICIL TO THE SAID WILL Item. Four or more generations of descendants of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) if they are properly linked:1. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England[16]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Through his first wife, Blanche (died 1368), John, in 1362, acquired the duchy of Lancaster and the vast Lancastrian estates in England and Wales. John of Gaunt was buried beside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, between the choir stalls of St Paul's Cathedral. He took charge of the siege operations and at one point engaged in hand-to-hand fighting in the undermining tunnels. The Beauforts played an important role during the Wars of the Roses in the fifteenth century and the eventual heiress of the family Lady Margaret Beaufort was the mother of King Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch of England. This was the counterpart to his brother, the Black Prince's, "shield for peace" (on which the ostrich feathers were white), and may have been used in jousting. (1929). [14] John was himself a delegate to the various conferences that eventually resulted in the Truce of Leulinghem in 1389. In 1386 John departed for Spain to pursue his claim to the kingship of Castile and Leon based upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371. John Tilley, Joan (Hurst) Rogers, Elizabeth Tilley, John Howland, Thomas Rogers, Joseph Rogers, Richard Warren, William Brewster and his wife, Mary, Edward Doty, James Chilton, Susanna Furner, Mary Chilton, William White, Susanna Jackson, and Resolved White. Edward of. Morieux held several important posts, including Constable of the Tower the year he was married, and Master of Horse to King Richard II two years later. Also known as: Constanza of Castile, Infanta Constanza. He was the third son of Edward III, who became Duke of Lancaster through his marriage to Blanche. The three houses of English sovereigns that succeeded the rule of Richard II in 1399 - the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor - were all descended from John's children Henry IV, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively. Through them, many royal families of Europe can trace lineage to him. ), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston-upon-Thames, 1968, p.125, Planche, J.R., Pursuivant of Arms, 1851, p.xx, Beaufort Society's website (Google's cache of, "The Lancastrian Esses Collar (Appendix 7)" erenow.net, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet, "The Wars of the Roses: York v Beaufort? He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. The links are visible today in the Town & Manor-owned John O'Gaunt Inn on Bridge Street,[45] the John O'Gaunt School on Priory Road,[46] as well as various street names. [2][3] As Duke of Lancaster, he is the founder of the royal House of Lancaster, whose members would ascend the throne after his death. suspected him of wanting to seize the throne himself. The treaty was sealed by the marriage of John's eldest daughter Philippa to the Portuguese king. The children bore the surname "Beaufort" after a former French possession of the duke. On the resumption of war with France in 1369, John was sent to Calais with Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and a small English army with which he raided into northern France. He was an MP for Somerset and Devon. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married. On 13 January 1396, two years after the death of Constance of Castile, Katherine and John of Gaunt married in Lincoln Cathedral. Joan Beaufort (1379-1440)-married first Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem and second Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmoreland. By Katherine Swynford (ne de Roet/Roelt), mistress and later wife (children legitimised 1397): Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. John of Gaunt was a patron and close friend of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, best known for his work The Canterbury Tales. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. John and Warwick then decided to strike Harfleur, the base of the French fleet on the Seine. They were harried mainly by French mercenaries of the Castilian king. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown, since King Richard II had named Henry a traitor and changed his sentence to exile for life. The army reached English-occupied Bordeaux on 24 December 1373, severely weakened in numbers with the loss of at least one-third of their force in action and another third to disease. John had no funds with which to pay them, and despite his entreaties, none were sent from England, so in April 1374, he abandoned the enterprise and sailed for home. John of Gaunt was Blanche Swynford's godfather. English Royalty. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was an English royal prince, military leader, and statesman. Beset on all sides by French ambushes and plagued by disease and starvation, John of Gaunt and his raiders battled their way through Champagne, east of Paris, into Burgundy, across the Massif Central, and finally down into Dordogne. Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541; year 1396. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third of four surviving sons of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. From 1367 to 1374 he served as a commander in the Hundred Years War (13371453) against France. These included: This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Chaucer married Philippa (Pan) de Roet in 1366, and Lancaster took his mistress of nearly 30 years, Katherine Swynford (de Roet), who was Philippa Chaucer's sister, as his third wife in 1396. Omissions? His vast estates made him the richest man in England, and his great wealth, ostentatious display of it, autocratic manner and attitudes, enormous London mansion (the Savoy Palace on the Strand) and association with the failed peace process at Bruges combined to make him the most visible target of social resentments. The House of Beaufort continues to exist in a further illegitimate line, surnamed "Somerset", the senior representative of which is Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort, who is thus a direct male-line descendant, albeit via a legitimated and an illegitimate line, of King Henry II, the first Plantagenet King of England. London: The St. Catherine Press, p.62, see blazon of arms in Montague-Smith, P.W. Blanche died on 12 September 1368 at Tutbury Castle, while her husband was overseas. John (1366-1367) most likely died after the birth of his younger brother Henry, the future Henry IV of England; he was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester. Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Barrister at Law, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. (ed. John fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother, and four by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. The Beaufort Portcullis, now the symbol of the House of Commons; The heraldic colours white and blue, an old symbol of the Earls of Lancaster. He was the immediate ancestor of the three 15th-century Lancastrian monarchs, Henry IV, V, and VI. On 23 August, he was confronted by a much larger French army under Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married. John invested the town for four days in October, but he was losing so many men to dysentery and bubonic plague that he decided to abandon the siege and return to Calais. Upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371, John assumed (officially from 29 January 1372) the title of King of Castile and Len in right of his wife, and insisted his fellow English nobles henceforth address him as "my lord of Spain". After. [8] [9] Though he is always called "John of Gaunt", it is a name he was never called in his own lifetime after the age of three when he received his first title. Includes . The adulterous relationship endured until 1381, when it was ended out of political necessity.[17]. FamousKin.com cannot and does not guarantee the accuracy and reliability of these sources. Married to: Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond; 14551456. However, mistrust remained, and some suspected him of wanting to seize the throne himself. Sick, demoralised and mutinous, the army was in no shape to defend Aquitaine, and soldiers began to desert. John's daughter, Blanche, married Sir Thomas Morieux in 1381. Queen Elizabeth II and her predecessors since Henry IV are descended from John of Gaunt. [43], In addition to his royal arms, Gaunt bore an alternative coat of Sable, three ostrich feathers ermine. Many hundreds of English, including close friends and retainers of John of Gaunt, died of disease or exhaustion. Successor: Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England (2nd Duke of Lancaster and of Aquitaine) "John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. In 1371, John married Infanta Constance of Castile, daughter of King Peter of Castile, thus giving him a claim to the Crown of Castile, which he would pursue. All of them were born out of wedlock, but were legitimised upon their parents' eventual marriage. Allrightsreserved. Also known as: John of Gaunt, duc dAquitaine, John of Gaunt, earl of Richmond. He was most famous for signing the Magna Carta in 1215, and for losing the Duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, thus receiving his nickname Lackland. This rumour, which infuriated him, may have been inspired by the fact that Edward III had not been present at his birth.[4]. Edward (1365) died within a year of his birth and was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester. [11] Just before leaving Aquitaine, he married the Infanta Constance of Castile in September 1371 at Roquefort, near Bordeaux, Guyenne. John had to give up on his ambitions in Spain and hurry back to England in 1389. 1. John was married three times. In addition, John's daughter Catherine of Lancaster was married to King Henry III of Castile, which made him the grandfather of King John II of Castile and the ancestor of all subsequent monarchs of the Crown of Castile and united Spain. The two alabaster effigies were notable for having their right hands joined. The ostrich feather arms appeared in stained glass above Gaunt's chantry chapel in St Paul's Cathedral.[44]. Catherine of Aragon is descended from this line. First, through his legitimate male descendants the Lancasters, and then through his debatably illegitimate descendants, by his long time mistress and then third [5] Following Gaunt's death in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the Crown, and his son Henry, now disinherited, was branded a traitor and exiled.
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