Until now, 25 subgroups have been identified in the Bathyarchaeota. Genes responsible for the dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (nirB and nrfD) were identified in Subgroups-1, -17 (formally Subgroup-7/17), -6 and -15, respectively, suggesting the potential existence of a respiratory pathway involving nitrite reduction (Lazaretal.2016). Several sets of PCR primers and probes have been developed to detect and quantify Bathyarchaeota in natural community (Table 1). Methanogens and acetogenic Clostridia are the most frequent basal-branching archaea and bacteria, respectively, in phylogenetic reconstructions reflecting the descendants of the last universal common ancestor; gene categories proposed for the last universal common ancestor also point to the acetogenic and methanogenic roots, reflecting its autotrophic lifestyle as H2-dependent and N2-fixing, utilizing the WoodLjungdahl pathway and originating from a hydrothermal environmental setting (Weissetal.2016). However, according to the genomic information on most archaeal acetogens and bathyarchaeotal genomic bins obtained by Lazaretal. Similar community structures across different bathyarchaeotal subgroups were revealed using the two primer pairs; however, both pairs performed poorly with respect to indicating the prevalence of Subgroup-15 in cDNA libraries from freshwater sediments (Filloletal.2015). Future efforts should be encouraged to address the fundamental issues of the diversity and distribution patterns of Bathyarchaeota, and their vital roles in global carbon cycling. Single amplified genomes (SAGs) of a Subgroup-15 bathyarchaeotal member from the Aarhus Bay sediments harbor genes for predicted extracellular protein degrading enzymes, such as clostripain (Lloydetal.2013). The BA2 (Subgroup-8) genome contains MCR-encoding genes and additional genes of typical methane metabolism, like BA1, reflecting a similar methylotrophic methanogenesis activity. Within Bathyarchaeota, the sequences were classified into six subclades according to . On the other hand, the proportion of bathyarchaeotal sequence in the total archaeal community sequence increases with depth, and they may favor anoxic benthic sediments with iron-reducing conditions. The first comprehensive phylogenetic tree of Bathyarchaeota was constructed in 2012 (Kuboetal.2012); it was based on 4720 bathyarchaeotal sequences from the SILVA database (SSU Ref NR106 and SSU Parc106). Sequences longer than 940 bp were first used to construct the backbone of the tree, and additional sequences were then added without altering the general tree topology. (A) Phylogenetic tree of ribosomal proteins obtained from currently available bathyarchaeotal genomes (from GenBank, 29 November 2017 updated). [43] (Figure 4). Subgroup-5b was further split into 5b and 5bb, as additional sequences were added. These physiological, ecological and evolutionary features place Bathyarchaeota in the spotlight of current microbial ecology studies, encouraging further explorations of their impact on global and local biogeochemical carbon cycling. Introduction. WebHome Business Account Form is bathyarchaeota multicellular. The results indicate that the phylum Bathyarchaeota shares a core set of metabolic pathways, including protein degradation, glycolysis, and the reductive acetyl Together with evidence of few phylogenetic changes throughout the incubation, it was suggested that the microbial community detected by stable isotopic probing could serve well in reflecting the metabolically active components. Martin WF, Neukirchen S, Zimorski V et al. This could be explained by the versatile pathways of organic matter assimilation present in the majority of Bathyarchaeota, reflected by inferences from genomic data. The distinct bathyarchaeotal subgroups diverged to adapt to marine and freshwater environments. In contrast, Subgroup-15 (Crenarchaeota group C3) organisms dominate cDNA libraries from all sediment layers, albeit with minor contribution to the corresponding DNA libraries; this indicates that this group is metabolically active in the benthic euxinic, organic-rich sediments of karstic lakes (Filloletal.2015). Four major heterotrophic pathways centralized on the acetyl-CoA generation are summarized below, reflecting the core metabolism of fermentation and acetogenesis (Fig. WebInteresting Archaebacteria Facts: Archaebacteria are believed to have emerged approximately 3.5 billion years ago. Their results agree well and reflect the relatively higher bathyarchaeotal fraction in marine sediments with sulfate penetration (>0.15 m below seafloor) (Kuboetal.2012). Bathyarchaeota possesss a bona fide homoacetogenesis pathway of archaeal phylogenetic origin, as confirmed by functional studies, indicating a distinct evolutionary pathway of acetogenesis in archaea, different from horizontal transfer from bacteria (Heetal.2016). Along with the widespread distribution of Bathyarchaeota, i.e. Study sites and sampling Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences were inferred by Maximum Likelihood implemented in RAxML 8.0 on the CIPRES Science Gateway using the GTR+GAMMA model and RAxML halted bootstrapping automatically (Miller, Pfeiffer and Schwartz 2010; Stamatakis 2014). The energy landscape of a local environment, i.e. Biddle JF, Fitz-Gibbon S, Schuster SC et al. The members of the Bathyarchaeota are the most abundant archaeal components of the transitional zone between the freshwater and saltwater benthic sediments along the Pearl River, with a central position within the co-occurrence network among other lineages (Liuetal.2014). Y He, et al., Genomic and enzymatic evidence for acetogenesis among multiple lineages of the archaeal phylum Bathyarchaeota widespread in marine sediments. Nat Microbiol 1, 16035 (2016). L Jiang, Y Zheng, J Chen, X Xiao, F Wang, Stratification of achaeal communities in shallow sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China. Genomic characterization and metabolic potentials of Bathyarchaeota. Furthermore, genes encoding ATP sulfurylase, for the reduction of sulfate to adenosine 5-phosphosulfate, and adenylyl-sulfate reductase, for the reduction of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate to sulfite, were identified in a metagenomic assembly of Bathyarchaeota TCS49 genome from the Thuwal cold seep brine pool of the Red Sea; this suggests that specific bathyarchaeotal members might harbor a dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, indicating the existence of additional potential metabolic capacities of Bathyarchaeota (Zhangetal.2016). The versatile metabolic properties of Bathyarchaeota, including acetogenesis, methane cycling, potential photosynthesis, and dissimilatory nitrite and sulfate reduction, etc., indicate that their ecological and phylogenetic characteristics are quite diverse, and given their basal phylogenetic position at the root of archaea, the evolutionary paths of those capabilities are also of great meaning for understanding the evolution of early life (Evansetal.2015; Heetal.2016; Lazaretal.2016; Zhangetal.2016). In this process, methane is not assimilated by Bathyarchaeota but serves as an energy source. their relatively high abundance in the global marine subsurface ecosystem (Kuboetal.2012; Lloydetal.2013), they are also metabolically active in the subsurface sediments across geological time scales. Schematic figure representing major eco-niches of Bathyarchaeota. The product, acetate, would then be used by acetate-consuming SRB to benefit the thermodynamic efficiency of AOM. Hence, Bathyarchaeota acquired the core heterotrophic metabolic capacity for processing complex carbohydrates, and an additional ability to utilize peptides and amino acids, as suggested before (Seyler, McGuinness and Kerkhof 2014). Considering the ubiquity and frequent predominance of Bathyarchaeota in marine sediments, as well as the high abundance and potential activity of extracellular peptidases that they encode, it has been proposed that Bathyarchaeota may play a previously undiscovered role in protein remineralization in anoxic marine sediments. Bathy-15 (36.4% of all archaea), High-throughput sequencing of the archaeal communities and the analysis of the relationship between the distribution pattern of bathyarchaeotal subgroups and the physicochemical parameters of study sites revealed that sediment depth and sulfate concentration were important environmental factors that shape the distribution of bathyarchaeotal subgroups; Subgroup-8 was shown to be predominantly distributed in the reducing and deeper sediment layers, while Subgroup-10 was preferentially distributed in the relatively more oxidizing and shallow sediment layers (Yuetal.2017). The capability to utilize a wide variety of substrates might comprise an effective strategy for competing with substrate specialists for energy sources in various environments (Lietal.2015), such as detrital protein-rich deep seafloor sediments and estuarine sediments containing various carbohydrates. These archaeal groups are the phylogenetically closest ones to the protoeukaryote that served as the mitochondrion-acquiring host; this gave rise to a hydrogen hypothesis that explains their hydrogen-dependent metabolism to address the mitochondrion acquisition and subsequent endosymbiont processes. Because of the universal distribution and predominance of Bathyarchaeota, not only in the marine sediments but also in terrestrial sediments and various other eco-niches, and because of their versatile metabolism (including acetogenesis, methane metabolism, and dissimilatory nitrate and sulfate reduction) and potential interactions with ANME archaea, acetoclastic methanogens and heterotrophic bacteria, the ecological importance of this group of generalists has entered the limelight and needs further exploration. 2. The exclusive archaeal origin of the Ack-Pta homoacetogenesis pathway is different from other archaeal acetogenesis systems but shares functional similarity with its bacterial origin counterparts, although it is phylogenetically divergent (Heetal.2016). the potential AOM metabolism of Bathyarchaeota in the flange of the hydrothermal vent would be consistent with the aforementioned genomic inferences (Evansetal.2015). (2016) demonstrated that half of the bathyarchaeotal genomes encode a set of phosphate acetyltransferase (Pta) and acetate kinase (Ack) for acetate production or assimilation, usually observed in bacteria. Further, the IndVal index, which reflects the level of relative abundance and frequency of occurrence, suggests that selective bathyarchaeotal subgroups are bio-indicator lineages in both freshwater and saline environments, as determined by a multivariate regression tree analysis (Filloletal.2016). Based on the ancestral analysis, the phylum Bathyarchaeota is suggested to have a hot origin. Taken together, these findings are further steps toward the elucidation of the origin, evolution, and roles of Bathyarchaeota, a globally important archaeal phylum. The Archaebacteria kingdom is divided into three According to the meta-analysis of archaeal sequences available in the ARB SILVA database (Kuboetal.2012), Bathyarchaeota was further recognized as a group of global generalists dwelling in various environments, including marine sediments, hydrothermal vents, tidal flat and estuary sediments, hypersaline sediments, terrestrial subsurface, biomats, limnic water and sediments, underground aquifers, hot springs, soils, municipal wastewaters, animal digestive tract, etc. Furthermore, analysis of clone libraries retrieved after 13C-DNA amplification combined with matched terminal fragment length polymorphism peaks suggested that the heterotrophic bathyarchaeotal community possibly comprised Subgroups-6 and -8 (Seyler, McGuinness and Kerkhof 2014). This approach revealed that the separation of subgroups according to saline and anoxic levels could explain 13% of the phylogenetic lineage variance. Similarly, rRNA slot blot hybridization indicates the existence of functionally active Bathyarchaeota not only in the surface and subsurface sediments from the Nyegga site 272-02, Cascadia Margin, Gulf of Mexico, Hydrate Ridge ODP site 1245 and Janssand (North Sea), but also in the oxic mats in the Arabian Gulf and subsurface White Oak River sediments (Kuboetal.2012). Among the presently recognized 25 bathyarchaeotal subgroups, eight are delineated as significantly niche-specific based on their marine/freshwater segregation. masc. The inset table shows the distribution of subgroups in major environmental categories. However, the global methane cycle should be reconsidered since the previously unrecognized methane metabolic capacity appears to be present within such a widespread and abundant phylum. A subsequent heterologous expression and activity assays of the bathyarchaeotal acetate kinase gene ack demonstrated the ability of these bathyarchaeotal members to grow as acetogens. Physiological incubation experiments with stable isotopic probing demonstrated that members of Bathyarchaeota are able to assimilate a wide variety of the tested 13C-organic compounds, including acetate, glycine, urea, simple biopolymers (extracted algal lipids) and complex biopolymers (ISOGRO) (Websteretal.2010; Seyler, McGuinness and Kerkhof 2014). Combined with the large amount of carbon deposited in the subseafloor (ca 15 1021 g) (Fryetal.2008), the high abundance of MCG archaea in marine sediments (10100% of total archaeal abundance) (Parkesetal.2005; Biddleetal.2006; Fryetal.2008; Kuboetal.2012; Lloydetal.2013) and their heterotrophic properties on detrital proteins, acetate, aromatic compounds and/or other organic substrates (Biddleetal.2006; Websteretal.2010; Websteretal.2011; Lloydetal.2013; Naetal.2015), naturally led to the proposal that this group of archaea may play an important role in global carbon biogeochemical cycling (Kuboetal.2012; Lloydetal.2013; Filloletal.2016; Heetal.2016). The novel Bathyarchaeota lineage possesses an incomplete methanogenesis pathway lacking the methyl co-enzyme M reductase complex and encodes a non-canonical acetogenic pathway potentially coupling methylotrophy to acetogenesis via the methyl branch of Wood-Ljundahl pathway. Due to their prevalence in the microbial community, we also performed phylogenetic analysis to understand the closeness of our Bathyarchaeota OTUs with The primer pair MCG242dF/MCG528R may potentially be used for the determination of the bathyarchaeotal community abundance, with relatively high subgroup coverage and specificity in silico; however, experimental tests are needed to confirm this. Considering the total fractions within all horizons from the sediment cores, members of Bathyarchaeota accounted for 92% of the archaeal community in the Peru Margin Site 1229; 48% in the Peru Margin Site 1227; 71% in volcanic ash layers in the Okhotsk Sea; 47.5% in the forearc basin in the Nankai Trough; 20.6% in the accretionary wedge at the Nankai Trough ODP site 1173; and 83.3% in all layers of the Mediterranean Pleistocene sapropel (Coolenetal.2002; Reedetal.2002; Inagakietal.2003; Newberryetal.2004; Parkesetal.2005; Inagakietal.2006; Teske 2006). Eight subgroups were delineated based on the freshwater/saline segregation, as suggested by the significant IndVal values (P < 0.01) pointing to freshwater/marine sediment distribution. It is one of the predominant groups in the marine subsurface archaeal community (Fryetal.2008; Teske and Srensen 2008; Lloydetal.2013). 3C). Based on the genomic evidence, the authors concluded that some lineages of Bathyarchaeota are similar to bona fide bacterial homoacetogens, with pathways for acetogenesis and fermentative utilization of a variety of organic substrates (Heetal.2016). Second, determining whether the methane cycling capacity is confined to certain subgroups or whether numerous subgroups or lineages are capable of methane cycling, and if so, the nature of their shared evolutionary or genomic characteristics, is of utmost importance. Furthermore, in contrast to the consistent vertical distribution of all archaeal lineages in freshwater sediments with almost no abundance changes, the total abundance of all Bathyarchaeota and the fraction of Subgroup-15 increase along with the depths of sediments, with significantly high abundance within the archaeal community (Liuetal.2014). 2012 ). The Bathyarchaeota formerly known as the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group is an evolutionarily diverse group of microorganisms found in a wide Several pre-/non-enriched sediment cultures afforded preliminary evidence for the trophic properties and metabolic capacities of Bathyarchaeota. The results also revealed that some operational taxonomic units affiliated with Subgroups-2 and -15 are dominant in all surface and bottom sediment layers in these two cores, suggesting that these operational taxonomic units might be adaptive to redox changes (Yuetal.2017). Bathyarchaeota occupied about 60% of the total archaea in the Jiulong River, China (Li et al. A pair of primers (Bathy-442F/Bathy-644R) was recently designed to target Subgroups-15 and -17; the in silico primer testing indicates that Bathy-442F can also adequately cover Subgroups-2, -4, -9 and -14, with Bathy-644R covering nearly all subgroups, except for Subgroups-6 and -11 (Yuetal.2017). Low collinear regions were found between bathyarchaeotal and reported archaeal genomic fragments, suggesting that the gene arrangement of Bathyarchaeota is distinct from that of sequenced archaea. 2). This will have a profound impact not only on deciphering the metabolic properties of Bathyarchaeota, by using butanetriol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers as biomarkers to trace carbon acquisition by isotopic labeling, but also by representing their pivotal contribution, associated with their global abundance, to biogeochemical carbon cycling on a large ecological scale. That approach revealed an order of magnitude increase in bathyarchaeotal abundance in both the control and experimental groups compared with time zero; however, no significant increase of bathyarchaeotal abundance was observed in experimental groups with substrate additives and various cultivation processing steps, compared with control groups with basal medium alone. The three methods described above may be used for the quantification of bathyarchaeotal abundance based on DNA and RNA targets. The central product, acetyl-CoA, would either (i) be involved in substrate-level phosphorylation to generate acetate and ATP, catalyzed by an ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthase as in other peptide-degrading archaea; (ii) be metabolized to generate acetate through the Pta-Ack pathway, similarly to bona fide bacterial homoacetogens; or (iii) be utilized for biosynthesis, e.g. A group called Peat MCG (pMCG) (Xiangetal.2017) was also listed on the tree; however, because there was only one represented sequence after dereplication at 90% similarity of all bathyarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene sequences, we did not list pMCG as a separate subgroup in this tree (Fig. As suggested by the classification of uncultured archaea based on nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, the bathyarchaeotal sequence boundary falls into the minimum sequence identity range of phylum level (74.9579.9%), and each subgroup generally falls into the median sequence identity range of family and order levels (91.6592.9% and 88.2590.1%, respectively) (Yarzaetal.2014). The possibility of the replacement of the AOM function of ANME by Bathyarchaeota was also suggested by a microbial community composition in a study of the microbial colonization within an artificial micro-niche, basaltic glass imposed by hydrothermal conditions (Callacetal.2013). Heetal. Sousa FL, Neukirchen S, Allen JF et al. 3B). Regarding the functional properties, metabolic pathway analysis revealed that BA1 is a peptide and glucose fermenter, while BA2 is a fatty-acid oxidizer (Evansetal.2015). The reconstructed bathyarchaeotal genomes (except for Subgroup-15) also encode proteins with the ability to import extracellular carbohydrates. Subgroup-5 is divided into Subgroups-5a and -5b, each with intragroup similarity >90% according to a maximum-likelihood estimation. Kuboetal. S. butanivorans forms a distinct cluster with those of Bathyarchaeota origin, separately from other methanogens and methanotrophs (Laso-Prezetal.2016). Multiple genomic and physiological traits of these microorganisms have been coming to light in recent decades with the advent of stable isotope labeling and metagenomic profiling methods. It was proposed that reduced ferredoxin generated by peptide and/or glucose might be used for the reduction of methyl groups on methylated compounds to subsequently generate methane (Evansetal.2015). Moreover, with the rapid development and application of 16S rRNA-based high-throughput sequencing techniques for microbial ecological profiling, and 16S rRNA-independent microbial metagenomic profiling that avoids the issue of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer bias, a much clearer distribution pattern of diverse bathyarchaeotal subgroups can be expected; at the same time, higher resolution of local physicochemical characteristics will facilitate classification of ecological niches of bathyarchaeotal subgroups into more detailed geochemical categories. WebArchaea are tiny, simple organisms. To avoid the confusion, Subgroups-18 and -19 were named to be consistent with subgroups MCG-18 and MCG-19 as proposed in two previous reports (respectively Lazaretal.2015; Filloletal.2016), while Subgroup-20 was renamed to replace the subgroup MCG-19 in Fillol et al.s tree (Filloletal.2016). Interestingly, one of the highly abundant McrA subunits of Ca. Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM et al. 3). Although the Pta-Ack pathway has been previously identified in the methanogenic genus Methanosarcina, it was shown that the encoding pta-ack gene pair might be derived from a horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin (Fournier and Gogarten 2008). Meanwhile, the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates could have allowed Bathyarchaeota to avoid a direct competition with other substrate specialists, such as methanogens and sulfate reducers; in contrast, organic matter degradation to generate acetate might be more energetically favorable for Bathyarchaeota than for other bacterial acetogens, as the former do not need to invest in ATP to activate formate; subsequently, Bathyarchaeota plays the role of active carbon transformers, especially in the subsurface sediments, to fuel the heterotrophy and acetoclastic methanogenesis processes and facilitate coupled carbon cycling (Fig. Genomic inferences from SAGs and genome-resolved metagenomic bins provide further genomic support for the heterotrophic lifestyle of Bathyarchaeota, rendering them capable of adapting to various environments and becoming one of the most successful lineages globally (Fig. WebHost. The archaeal phylum Bathyarchaeota, which is composed of a large number of diverse lineages, is widespread and abundant in marine sediments. In addition, the catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescent in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) studies for the detection and quantification of bathyarchaeotal cells suggest that they are abundant in the center and marine invertebrate-inhabited layers in the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, and in the marine subsurface sediments in the Equatorial ODP site 1125 and Peru Basin ODP site 1231 (Kuboetal.2012). No bathyarchaeotal species have as yet been successfully cultured in pure cultures, despite their widespread distribution in the marine, terrestrial and limnic environments (Kuboetal.2012), which hampers their direct physiological characterization. In a recent study exploring the stratified distribution of archaeal groups in a tropical water column, the analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA community distribution was combined with isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipid abundance information to reveal that glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lacking the cyclopentane rings [GDGT(0)] likely originated from the Bathyarchaeota-enriched layer in the water column (Bucklesetal.2013). To compare the coverage and specificity of analysis using the qPCR primer pairs MCG242dF/MCG678R and MCG528F/MCG732R for freshwater and marine sediment samples, amplicons obtained with these two primer pairs were analyzed and community structures compared (Filloletal.2015). Proteins or polypeptides are first degraded by extracellular peptidases, with the resultant amino acids and oligopeptides imported into the cell, where they would be finally metabolized into acetyl-CoA via the peptide-degradation pathway. Subgroup-5 thrives in the euxinic bottom water layer, characterized as anoxic and sulfide-rich, with accumulated inorganic and organic reduced compounds; Subgroup-6 is a group of generalists that are adapted to both planktonic and sediment habitats with a wide range of sulfidic conditions. Furthermore, genomic features of Subgroup-8 resolved from the metagenome of lignin-added enrichments evidence the putative lignin and aromatics degrading genes, thus it is hypothesized that Subgroup-8 catalyzes methoxy-groups of lignin, and combines the resulting methyl-group with CO2 to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) through the WoodLjungdahl pathway for either biosynthesis or acetogenesis in downstream pathways (Yuetal.2018). Markers for individual pathway/function were scanned against genomes using the HMM and KEGG databases (Anantharamanetal.2016; Kanehisa, Sato and Morishima 2016; Spang, Caceres and Ettema 2017). On the other hand, the subgroups MCG-18 and MCG-19 were also named in Fillol et al.s research (Filloletal.2016). Furthermore, the MCR complexes found in the BA1 and BA2 genomes are phylogenetically divergent from traditional MCR and they coevolved as a whole functional unit, indicating that methane metabolism began to evolve before the divergence of the Bathyarchaeota and Euryarchaeota common ancestors (Evansetal.2015). Some of these Crenarchaeota were able to assimilate all 13C-organic compounds tested, including acetate, glycine, urea, simple biopolymers (extracted algal lipids) and complex biopolymers (ISOGRO), while others were only detected in specific substrates (acetate or urea). Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert CJ et al. Newberry CJ, Webster G, Cragg BA et al. The metagenome (i) The 13C signature of the archaeal biomass suggests that only a small fraction of local archaea in SMTZ utilize methane, which might be explained by the contribution of Bathyarchaeota in the biomass; until now, only one line of evidence points to the acquisition of methane metabolism by Bathyarchaeota (Lloydetal.2013; Evansetal.2015; Lazaretal.2015; Heetal.2016). Further, a close co-occurrence of Bathyarchaeota and Methanomicrobia hinted at a syntrophic association between them; the acetate production/consumption relationship between the two might be responsible for such a scenario, as proposed by metabolic predictions (Heetal.2016; Xiangetal.2017). Candidatus Bathyarchaeota Click on organism name to get more information. In surface and shallow subsurface sediments (surficial to 10 cm deep) of an intertidal mudflat of Brouage in the Bay of Marennes-Olron, however, the abundances of Subgroup-15 and other bathyarchaeotal subgroups are stable, while the total abundance of Euryarchaeota sequences increases in the same depth range (Hlneetal.2015). Bathyarchaeotal SAGs also encode pathways for the intracellular breakdown of amino acids. Bathyarchaeota was the dominant archaeal taxon in the sediment samples from 3400 to 02 (40.67%) and CJ-00a (34.17%), which have the shallowest water In addition to the global distribution, expanding prokaryotic community investigations of deep ocean drilling sediments revealed that members of Bathyarchaeota occupy considerable fractions of the archaeal communities (Teske 2006). The Subgroups-1, -6 and -15 genomes also encoded the methyl glyoxylate pathway, which is typically activated when slow-growing cells are exposed to an increased supply of sugar phosphates (Weber, Kayser and Rinas 2005). A new phylum name for this group was proposed, i.e. The phylogenetic species variability index, which reflects the phylogenetic relatedness of sequences originating from specific environments, suggests a non-random distribution of Bathyarchaeota assemblages in natural environments (Filloletal.2016). This is the first ever genomic evidence for homoacetogenesis, the ability to solely utilize CO2 and H2 to generate acetate, in an archaeal genome and of distinct archaeal phylogenetic origin other than that of Bacteria (Heetal.2016). Furthermore, both FISH labeling and intact polar lipid quantification suggest the presence of highly abundant and active bathyarchaeotal cells in the Peru offshore subsurface sediments collected during the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 201 (Biddleetal.2006; Lippetal.2008). Search for other works by this author on: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Catabolic and anabolic energy for chemolithoautotrophs in deep-sea hydrothermal systems hosted in different rock types, Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system, Global ecological patterns in uncultured Archaea, Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences, A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land, Heterotrophic Archaea dominate sedimentary subsurface ecosystems off Peru, Metagenomic signatures of the Peru Margin subseafloor biosphere show a genetically distinct environment, A 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