Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, Bakirov NJ, Khamzaev AK, Novitskiy, ZB (2020) FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE DRAINED BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA. Medicine from NatureAbout 25 percent of the medicines used today are taken from or modeled on chemicals found in plants, animals, or other living things. Success of EBA/NbS projects is quite difficult to evaluate, which is why it is essential to document every evidence (Mills, et al., 2020). McGrath, Kimberley A., ed. Also, if afforestation is not based on a scientifically sound selection of plant species and is comprised of monocultures only, the efforts may end up being unsustainable in terms of vulnerability to various diseases and a limited carbon capture capacity of an individual plant (Seddon, et al., 2020), as well as limiting potential biodiversity benefits. The major problems facing today's ecosystems are caused by: Habitat loss and degradation. The government of Uzbekistan has been issuing quotas for artemia harvesting in the Aral Sea (Marden, et al., 2012), but in 2022 the quota was substantially reduced, likely because the artemia populations are also decreasing (Anonymous, 2022). Agrofor Syst 66:129141. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1311-40, Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Worbes M, Botman E, Vlek PL (2006) Assessing the potential of trees for afforestation of degraded landscapes in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15645, CBD-UNDP (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910039, Li J, Chen H, Zhang C, Pan T (2019) Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use/land cover changes in Central Asia from 1995-2035. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Think youre done? January 1, 2002. These are afforestation, wetland restoration, rangeland restoration and protected areas establishment in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in the far-western part of Uzbekistan. First Aral sea basin program (ASBP-1). Additionally, a warm water temperature promote most species to reproduce, which also has a positive impact in biodiversity. Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in The results from both publication databases were downloaded in a BibTex format, sorted into eighteen subject-specific databases corresponding to keywords used in JabRef reference manager software, then merged to cross-check for duplicates, and further content analysis was carried out. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013, Fernandes JP, Guiomar N (2018) Nature-based solutions: The need to increase the knowledge on their potentialities and limits. Our review of nature-based solutions in rural dryland ecosystems returned a limited number of case studies of actual NbS application; particularly those that described specific outcomes and lessons learned, demonstrated success and socio-economic benefits, and sustained results. Moreover, literature review explicitly revealed that wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has never been documented as a nature-based solution, nor has rangeland restoration been. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. The most common cases of ecosystem-based approaches (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), an alternative to NbS suggested widely in the literature reviewed, appeared to be afforestation, agroforestry and wetland restoration with the prevailing number of studies originating from China (Fig. Wetlands, as a potentially cost-effective nature-based solution (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), provide a range of ecosystem services, including food security, climate adaptation and mitigation by acting as natural carbon sinks, and biodiversity conservation (Thorslund, et al., 2017), (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020). Toderich et al. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13280, Taillardat P, Thompson BS, Garneau M, Trottier K, Friess DA (2020) Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. Water (Switzerland), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101433, Kumar P, Debele SE, Sahani J, Rawat N, Marti-Cardona B, Alfieri SM, Zieher T (2021) Nature-based solutions efficiency evaluation against natural hazards: Modelling methods, advantages and limitations. Glob Change Biol 27:33953414. 184. UNCCD (2017) Global land outlook. Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries globally, with many plants, animals and ecosystems found nowhere . For example, the grass in pastures feeds cattle. Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). 1. Additional keywords were used to include the most frequent interventions in the Aral Sea region mentioned in the literature: afforestation AND Aral Sea, saxaul AND Aral Sea, artemia AND Aral Sea. PEERJ 7. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7665, Li J, Ma X, Zhang C (2020) Predicting the spatiotemporal variation in soil wind erosion across Central Asia in response to climate change in the 21st century. Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. Oxford University Press, New York: 2000 J Oceanol Limnol 36:20612084. Rangeland restoration is largely discussed as a climate mitigation option due to the carbon storage potential of grasslands (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), as well as a means of improved livelihood opportunities for the local pastoralists in degraded areas and a measure to combat desertification and land degradation (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Forest Service; White Mountain false pennyroyal via Robert Sivinski; Escambia map turtle via Jim Godwin; Narrow pigtoe and round ebonyshell mussels via Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Freshwater Mussel Conservation Program, The comments section is closed. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. Protected areas (PA) that lead to biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation benefits could represent a cost-effective nature-based solution (Mackinnon, Mrema, Richardson, Cooper, & Gidda, 2021), (Roberts, OLeary, & Hawkins, 2020). Tech. However, the long-term impact of drainage water, most importantly its quality, on the biodiversity of wetlands does not seem to have been thoroughly examined to tell whether the approach can be justified. Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. Invasive species. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . What suggests developmental delays in two-year-olds? Hence, the degradation of rangelands in Central Asia represents a substantial threat to the communities who rely upon them, having been long engaged in pastoralism. GISci Remote Sens. It has also been documented that sub-soil conditions are at times more important than topsoil for tree growth (Matsui, Watanabe, Kussainova, & Funakawa, 2019). Rangelands Atlas. Hence, nature-based solutions can be more broadly categorized as managed interventions to restore the environment or ecosystems specifically, by eventually having a positive impact on the local communities. Today species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities. These non-native species thrive in their new habitat, often destroying native species in the process.Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis), for instance, were accidentally brought into Guam, an island in the South Pacific, in the 1950s. ILRI, Nairobi Kenya, 4, IUCN (2016) IUCN Resolutions, Recommendations and other Decisions. Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term that refers to the number of genes, species, individual organisms within a given species, and biological communities within a defined geographic area, ranging from the smallest ecosystem to the global biosphere. About one square kilometer of the forest was estimated to host a cluster of imperiled species, including a rabbit, a bee and several plants. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5367-9_16, Shomurodov K, Rakhimova T, Adilov B, Beshko N, Karimov F, Polvonov F (2021) Current state of vegetation of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea., 629. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/629/1/012085, Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. Why losing Australia's biodiversity matters for human health Invertebrates are animals without backbones, including insects, crustaceans, sponges, scorpions, and many other kinds of organisms. humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace, according to the United States Geological Survey, published in the journal Ecological Applications. A wealth of research into the relationships among diversity, stability, and ecosystem functioning has been conducted in recent years (reviewed by Balvanera et al. Logging, mining and grazing are allowed on a significant share of public lands, including much of the Lincoln National Forest in southern New Mexico. If we wait a while, we might be able to spot a garter snake, a bullfrog, or maybe a red-winged blackbird. Google Scholar, Djalilov BM, Khamzina A, Hornidge A-K, Lamers JP (2016) Exploring constraints and incentives for the adoption of agroforestry practices on degraded cropland in Uzbekistan. Correspondence to Please Answer Quickly! Will Give Brainliest J Mar Syst 76:359366. It is one of many efforts to measure biodiversity in the United States and around the world. Regions with cold or dry conditions, such as mountaintops anddeserts, have even less.Generally, the closer a region is to theEquator, the greater the biodiversity. (A biological community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.) We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z. Core criteria of NbS. (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). 2021. UNEP-WCMC (2022a) Protected Area Profile for Lower Amudarya Biosphere Reserve from the World Database of Protected Areas. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, Djoudi H, Brockhaus M, Locatelli B (2013) Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in northern Mali. The Aral Seaformerly the fourth largest inland lake in the world, and the centre of a thriving fishing industryhas shrunk drastically since the early 1960s due to the misuse of river flow for irrigation, and is now represented by a highly saline southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan and northern Aral Sea in Kazakhstan. That work is critical, because scientists say humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. (2022, April 20). South Ustyurt National ParkFootnote 5 total area: 14471.43km2, year of designation: 2020. The far-reaching negative consequences of the Aral catastrophe include, but are not limited to: increased number of lung, kidney and thyroid diseases, infant mortality and morbidity, decreased life expectancy, frequent dust storms, loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, diminished ecosystems (i.e., riparian forests, wetlands, grasslands) and their services, massive job losses due to the collapse of the fishing and tourism industries (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Large-scale afforestation as NbS in the dried-out Aral Sea basin presents opportunities for further research in lieu of absence of documented evidence on the environment, both positive (e.g., the extent of sand transfer reduction) and negative (e.g., impact on groundwater resources). If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. This manure can also be used to fertilize cropland. Lisa Bunclark & Ivn Manuel De La Vega Hernndez, Stella Manes, Mariana M. Vale & Aliny P. F. Pires, Rajarshi DasGupta, Shizuka Hashimoto & Haripriya Gundimeda, Rachel E. Bitoun, Ewan Trgarot & Rodolphe Devillers, Jocelyn Baker, Diane Dupont & Liette Vasseur, Christian Albert, Mario Brillinger, Barbara Schrter, Environmental Management Which part of the immune system immediately responds to infection or injury? The forest ecosystem survived because other kinds of trees also grew there.Biodiversity is important to people in many ways. The draft of the manuscript was written by SA, and JWB, a co-author, commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Warmer ocean temperatures damagefragileecosystems such as coral reefs. Based on the focussed case study literature review we conducted, we now focus on discussing four of the above-mentioned major nature-based solutions, which are relevant to the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region. Sustain Dev Goals. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This state-by-state analysis of U.S. biodiversity ranks all 50 states on several key biological characteristics, including diversity of species, endemism, levels of rarity and risk, and species already lost to extinction. The Standard stipulates that for an approach to be considered as NbS it is imperative for it to provide simultaneous benefits to biodiversity and human well-being (IUCN, 2020). There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. Springer Netherlands. A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs. Wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has a number of benefits both for the people and the biodiversity, and yet requires critical evaluation in terms of costs (e.g., water diversion, financial investments, sustainability, self-sustainment and etc.) Both the ecosystem and the human population of the region are under considerable pressure due to the consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation. Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. Deforestation is a major threat . o innate immune system However, authors (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) argue that afforestation activities can also fail both economically and environmentally as it was in the case of China and the planting of maladapted species, along with an absence of post-forestation monitoring to check on the survivability of trees. The International Innovation Centre for the Aral Sea Basin, which among others is carrying out testing and planting trees in the Aral Seabed, confirmed they do not have enough human capacity and financial resources to undertake monitoring of afforested areas (Anonymous, 2022), although they had announced a country-wide fundraising campaign to plant trees and had received monetary donations both from individuals and organizations Footnote 8,Footnote 9. Forests are cut for lumber and firewood. This would in turn mean increased vulnerability to droughts, decreased water availability, reduced crop yields and increased disease transmission (e.g., malaria) (Huang, Yu, Dai, Wei, & Kang, 2017), (UNCCD, 2017). Rome, Feng S, Fu Q (2013) Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. However, it is crucial to mention that the success of NbS and the long-term effectiveness of their socio-economic benefits highly depend on the environmental awareness (Gmez Martn, Mez Costa, Egerer, & Schneider, 2021), and thus perception and understanding of NbS and their potential benefits. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Which ecosystem likely has the highest biodiversity? Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. Powerful PollinatorsBees, birds, and other creatures pollinate 75 percent of the world's major crops. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. Most medical discoveries to cure diseases and lengthen life spans were made because of research into plant and animal biology and genetics. Species diversity is only one part of biodiversity. The researchers cited a variety of approaches, like tax incentives, to encourage the protection of certain species on private land. She or he will best know the preferred format. Also, plantations of non-native monocultures were reported to be of low value for the revival of the local biodiversity (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), and demonstrated increased chances of susceptibility to diseases and pests (Seddon, et al., 2020). Restoration of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin would not just have an economic value for the local population, but also environmental benefits (Girardin, et al., 2021), and would substantially contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019). As biodiversity decreases, these systems break down.Hundreds of industries rely on plant biodiversity.Agriculture, construction, medical andpharmaceutical, fashion, tourism, andhospitalityall depend on plants for their success. Along with a newly formed desert ecosystem, the desiccation has brought about a number of environmental, social and economic challenges to the region, impacting millions of people residing in the Aral Sea basin (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000). States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity. (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), the decline of ecosystem service value in Karakalpakstan (including those of grasslands) was the highest among all researched areas in Central Asia; a trend which seems likely to continue. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. http://nsdg.stat.uz/en, Thorslund J, Jarsjo J, Jaramillo F, Jawitz JW, Manzoni S, Basu NB, Destouni G (2017) Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. Drylands and land degradation. Its part of a larger global push, known as 30x30, to protect more land and water worldwide. Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. rep., Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme of the Secretariat and the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD. Its the most detailed map of its kind so far. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). Ecosystems with a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, Parra G, Guerrero F, Armengol J, Brendonck L, Brucet S, Finlayson CM, Zohary T (2021) The future of temporary wetlands in drylands under global change.
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