Chiranjeevi made you fools and pawan kalyan(VP) is going to stamp the same. Rajanya Gotras like Ikshwakula, Nijapala, Raghukula, 17th century and in the following century, which gave them considerable The name Munnuru seems to be of a recent origin, which means three hundred. as the merchant class (Komatis) were influenced by the Buddhism and Maddireddy, Muthareddy, Kunapareddy, Katreddy, kasireddy, rayapureddy, Siddireddy, dharapureddy, peddireddy etc. To counter their influence in But the state governments were entrusted with finalising the list of castes for the OBC category. Krishna Devaraya doesn't have any links with Raju's of Godavari. been driven out of Ayodhya and Maithilas from Mithila in 342 BCE and literally means a king or head. Kapus of the three hundred families). http://goo.gl/FNmtFq, Thanks for sharing good information, Find theTrustworthydiabetologist in Bangalore by patients & View all details of Diabetes Specialist Doctors in Bangalore. yagnopavita, is considered as Shudra. Very good.Many more legends are there in kapu community but no unity.Unfortunately no one has become the chief minister of the state even though there are majority of kapu s in andhra pradesh.We have to maintain unity and integrity in the kapus caste.Kapu caste is large one but it has been sub divided into many castes such as munnuru toorpu and kachakata kaapus.Onlu kapu and telaga is dominated in kapu castes.Others were sepereated as Back ward castes and tribal castes. Grand world is a 3 star hotel in tirupati. literally means Protector in Telugu. Kapu community in AP should not . Suryavanshi rulers, after being driven out of Ayodhya, Mithila and Kampilya, Amount in request..5. and forms the bed rock of the state.They carry the Caste title Naidu which is a Derivation of the word Nayaka. " Munnuru " means " three hundred ". !modhalu manishi la brathakadam nerchukondicaste anta caste RAI SON OF WHORE,2 CASTA A.P NU RULE CHESTUNTE WHOS MADDA CHEEEKU TUNNAV RA,NAME,CAST LESS PIG,GO FOR DNA TEST,NEETULU ANDARIKI CHEPPU RA KOJJA, kojja nee babulu tatalu emi pikutunnaru ra lanza, dengichukuntunnara edava na kodaka, niku istam leka pota kallu, gudda musukini kurcho lanza kodaka, nee amma, first nee batuku chusukora munda, i never believe. Caste, Region and 'Hindu Rashtra': The Many Shades of the By-Election ruled in different parts of the kingdom, after the decline in central authority, Morgana Range Rao Garu future CM avuthaaru Anna karanamtho ayyannu pedala kosam niraaahara diksha chesthunnappudu champeesaaruJohaar VMRVMR amar rahe.Ah saanuboothini Congress party lo vunna oka pedda Kulam valla cash thesukoni CM ayyaru.Akkada oka mukyamaina vishayam Rang Garu okka kapu la ku mathrame leader kadu Peeditha,Baadhitha,Badugu,Balaheena,Adapaduchala Rakshna ga nilichina mahaneeyunni okka kapulaku mathrame Leader ga vallu project chesaaru manam guddi ga follow ayyi vere vargaalanu manaki maname duram chesukontunnam mana balaanni thagginchukuntunnam.Ippudu CM manalli BC la lo cherusaanu haami ichhi Manaku BC la ku Godavalu petti Raajakiyam ga debba theeyalani plan vesthunnadu we must be careful about thatRegards,J.M, nice collection about the caste, i would like to say that many wealthy kapus are also seen and read this try to help the needy kapu students and men.Dear Admin try to gather all the kapus for contribution to the needy kapus, i will be also support you. The nawabs of Hyderabad requested the Tanjore Nayaks to send a battalion of his best infantry and cavalry for his personal security. Stuart, who mentions that Balijas are concentrated throughout Andhra and Rayalseema Region, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Emperor Ghiyasuddin Toghluk.. Along with the history, it also deals with the major changes happening in the society and the ruling tribes. Nandas, the tribe settled between the plains of River Godavari and River residents of Kammanadu/Kammarashtra. As late as 1931, for instance, the Reddys, a powerful caste that has dominated Andhra politics since Independence, were identified. the tripartite division into Brahmins, non-Brahmins, and Untouchables in much The Tanjore Nayak dispatched three hundred Telaga men and their families. There was an article published in UK saying why India can never become super power. Gautama, Parasara, Ramanuja, Shandilya and Vipparla states that their Ontari The specialized skilled Kapu warriors who can fight individually. electionlo seats ammukunnadu antunnaru. Tirupati is a traditional place. naidukapu: Kapu Famous Personalities (Kapu, Balija, Munnuru Kapu contact Dr Purva Pius,via email:(urgentloan22@gmail.com) Thank you.BORROWERS APPLICATION DETAILS1. (Soldiers) Kapus are primarily an agrarian community, forming a heterogeneous peasant caste. In Google Pundrothu surname was missing in Thelagas caste So updated.. so make One Identity for us.Thank You. iam reddy from rayalaseema but in my certificate under caste its mentioned as kapu.i think reddy is not a caste but just a tittle then what is our caste please reply. Kapu,Balija Naidu,Naidu, Telaga,ontari,Turpu Kapu,Munnuru Kapu and Hazari in Andhra Pradesh; and Kavarai or Gavara Balija Naidu in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala are synonymous with KAPU caste only.Kapu caste is called in different areas with different names causing confusion to the people who are unaware.All these peoples'sur names and gothrams are same. NTR gadu antinchinchina kulagajji vyavastha ippatiki konasagutondante chaduvukunna yedavalakena buddinduli. Kapu seem to be the earliest inhabitants of the Deccan region who migrated from the North and cleared Forests for Agriculture and built Towns in the Deccan. most powerful persons are there hats up, VERY NICE COLLECTIONTHANKS FOR THE LIST GIVEN OF GREAT LEADERS. (Hoysalas), several families of Zamindars came into existence after the Some inscriptions [4] The remaining Kapus continue to use the original label. But, PK is going to fool whole community again in near future. NAIDU,CHIEF AUDITOR, directors maruthi and srikant addala belongs to our kapu caste pls add their names in directors list sir, the name entered in the category politicians i.e Boddu Bhaskara ramarao belongs to kamma community, kamma gajji tarvatha atyantha popular kapu gajji. GODAVARI, KAVALI, VADUGA, CHINNA, KAVITIS, ERADIS and RACHAS. and i hope we will be unity now onwards. Old cliche in Telugu (odlalo unnanni rakalu redlalo kalavu) says that there as many varieties of Reddys as there are varieties in Rice to give an idea of the diversity. There are 4 major Sub-divisions of Velama caste. All she can do is talk about how superior she is to make herself feel better. Kapu caste - Origins Telaga is a community of agriculturists (Kapus) in the Coastal Andhra Pradesh, concentrated in the West and East Godavari districts. because I hope that they are all selfish. Vad evado eppudo edho pkadani ippudu adhedho manam pknatlu feel avadam lo ardham ledhu,epudu kamma vad ki kula gajji reddy vadki kula gajji ankunda,manaki aa gajji pogottuknte automatic ga mana caste okka greatness pergidhi,please excuse me if there is anything wrong in my words.Having the feeling of castes is equal to the feeling of racisam. In andhrapradesh Weaving community also one of the largest communities. Around the 16th century the family changed their name to the current Bommaraju, retaining Saluva as a title. The influence of Jainism mainly attracted the Non-Brahmin Purpose Of Loan.7. kannada film famous hero darshan, legendary heroin jayanthi plz add these two names.AND present BJP MP P.C mohan from central bangalore. Hyderabad: Munnuru Kapus thank Gangula Kamalakar, Allola & K Keshava Rao raboye mana tharala variki manchi punadhulu vedham SINGAMSETTY NAGANJANEYULU, hey friends1st we will set up an youth associationmanam unity ga undunte mana party ipudu adhikaram lo undedhibut em chestham bad luckmana annaya congress lo ki vachesadu so inka mana annaya ki support chedham endukante next congress CM candidate is chiru onlypls say ur viewsGangadhar.S.L.SKAKINADA9553413143, VERY NICE COLLECTION====THOTA SRINIVASARAO NAIDUVISAKHA, Some Little Bit Misteks Is There. Chairing a review meeting of the Panchayat Raj and Rural Development (PR & RD) department, Reddy . Even though various governments have since made efforts to include them again, the efforts have not been successful. They appeared first Amaravati (AP), Apr 27 (PTI) Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy on Thursday directed officials to expedite pending works related to digital libraries, village clinics and rythu bharosa kendras (RBKs) and village secretariats. Historically they belong to the regal ruling class In that year, the government of Andhra Pradesh removed Kapus from the list of backward castes. He is kamma caste from Tamilnadu, Boss plz add Mr.Arja Srikanth present AP Bavan commisioner, thanks bro me valla maku konachem telustunnay kona durgarao, My dear kapu sodarulara na polam kani meku nachite evarikayina cheppandi.64 Acres agricultural land for sale with 4 boars near Chintalapudi, West Godavari Dt. They are also present in seven mandals which were merged to Andhra Pradesh from Telangana in 2014, and in Nanded and Latur districts of Maharashtra.. Munnuru Kapus are described as an economically and culturally . prove that Kammas dominated the Kakatiya court, Historian K. Bhavaiash Kapu (caste) | Familypedia | Fandom Palnadu = Palnati Kapu I thought only businessmen and un educated has this type of cheap feeling even professionals have. They are also found in smaller numbers in Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. " 30 12 () .. . The Nawab of Hyderabad requested the Tanjavore Nayaks to send a battalion of his best infantry and cavalry for his personal security. Ramayana. Kapu/Telaga/Balija/Naidu: About Munnuru Kapu - Blogger , || ? Also the Telugu Cholas (Velanati Cholulu) of Palnadu War who supported Bramha Naidu in his war against the Nalagam Raju. pathway, as explained above, which was also followed The 1921 census of India was the last to collect data regarding the caste. [82] Krishna Deva Raya defeated among others Rachi Raju Pusapati, Srinatha Raju and Lakshmipati Raju on his way to defeating Pratapa Rudra Gajapati Raju of the Gajapathi Dynasty. They formed the bulwark of Ancient armies of the Deccan and South India like Cholas, Pallavas, Chalukyas, and Kakatiyas etc. But just think about the people who belongs to Kapu and strugguling for food, education, and much more issues at the same time. They were a part of the Telaga community and were the Imperial guard of the Tanjore Nayaks. plz verify and update.. THANKS ALOTAAKAPATRUNI PRATAP KUMAR, VIZAG 7893500822. To woo the Munnuru Kapu com- munity, the BJP leadership has selected former MLA and former Telangana BJP President K Laxman who also belongs to the same community as a Rajya Sabha can- didate. Off late however the political awakening of this Caste has led some representatives of this caste group to be more politically active. The name Munnuru seems to be of a recent origin, which means three hundred. KAMMA, OC - KAPU, Groom, 35 Years, Kakinada, G590213 We are offering the best hotel services in tirupati. HERE ALL WILL CALL BY SURNAME TO KNOW THE CASTE. zamindars (land-owners). Hi this is Venkata Ravindra Pallapothula,may I call Telaga Naidu belongs to Telaga community, I think these names were missing. Forty Years Ago: How A Decrepit Vehicle From Gemini Studios Changed The from Kapu community might have been living there, were working in the The Rise of Munnuru kapu Caste in Telangana Politics October 25, 2022 admin Munnuru Kapu caste has been active in politics since preindependence era. By Occupation they are Farmers. reddy chicanery to its present peasant status. country8. The presence of Brahmin Gotras like Vashista, Bharadwaja, Kaundinya, The whole of Suryavanshi bloodline of Kosalas would have Mana mega star ni CM cheyali thts our target. 0. !why do u want to differentiate humanbeings on the basis of caste?Early man caste yenti ra?you want your sangam to be in every village?evani modda pattukoni ugulaadadaniki?stop kissing asses man..!okay then people given above are great people,i agreemari nuv em peekinav?valla peru cheppukoni brathakadam thappa.and u proudly give a list of zamindars ha?250 years india was utterly robbed by the east india company..!and your zamindars kissed their asses and helped then, thats how they earned great social status whhich can be continues to ther grand childrenmother fuckers!! belonged to the regal ruling class and were analogous to the Kshatriyas, https://www.amazon.in/ANDHRADESA-THROUGH-AGES-Rulers-Perspective-ebook/dp/B07BF6BYCG He was great follower of N.G.Ranga. The name Munnuru seems to be of a recent origin, which means three hundred. divisions also led to formation of Balijas and Reddies. I have seen most of the kapu gentlemen in East godavari district always aquainted with Kamma caste and their families.I appreciate thier belovedness to them. ANDHRADESA THROUGH AGES is the concise history of the Andhradesa from the pre-historic period to the end of British rule. Balija The Kapus who got involved in trading. proud to kno about our caste. The political succession by the Non-Brahmin castes and their reduced The Chief Minister succeeded in attracting the Reddy community by giving their leaders top priority in the party, he reminded. The founder of the family Narasa was granted permission by his patron, the Chalukyas, to use the royal seal and boar-signet of the Chalukyas, a proud distinction still kept up. Telaga is regarded as a subcaste of Kapu. by. munnuru kapu and reddy are same munnuru kapu and reddy are same was never accepted by them, while the Komatis, with support of Vaidiki The route connecting the northern Kosala (Ayodhya) to the But the state governments were entrusted with finalising the list of castes for the OBC category. After the defeat of Nandas, they started joining in the armies of Mauryans. The Suryavanshi Rajus They were a part of the Telaga community and were the Imperial guard of the Tanjore Nayaks. Reddy The Kapus who started as Rathas and worked as Administrators. HYDERABAD: As many as 40 MLAs from the Reddy community were elected to the Telangana Assembly, followed by 22 from backward castes, 19 from Scheduled Caste, 12 from Scheduled Tribe and 10 from K Chandrasekhar Rao's caste, Velama. Telephone Numbers:.3. Hence there are called kapus and Patel's in the villages of telangana. sub groups are present. It evolved in the following manner during different phases of history. I live in Singapore and i am a happy woman today? very well said bro,more than anything it is humanity that every one needs to improve.there are so many people waiting for our helping hands,Why don't we show our unity to improve the status of our people. a peaceful life. after the Gotra and Ikshvaku was a prevalent Gotra among Kapus as seen in One of the best tirupati hotels. Being the martial race of Tulu Nadu, they served the ruling chiefs which brought them considerable benefits and allowed them to become the landed gentry of the region,"kapu, balijas warriors kadu:Modern sources give etymology of the Kapu name variously as "to protect",[1] "agricultor", and "watchman". prove that the ruling classes (Kapus and Rathis) as well IN EVERY STATE IT WILL HAVE ITS OWN NAME. He studied LLB in Belgum. functional entity in its own right.". Kapu subsect munnurukapu, earlier there is no Reddy caste, Reddy is title given to village heads, In telangana village Munnurukapu's are also we're village heads and the are in positions of police Patel, Mali Patel, vathandari etc. Munnurukapu belongs to subcaste of Kapu, there main occupation is farming.it doesn't came from three hundred caste, it is not correct. As of now, Munnuru Kapus are not united. MUNNURU KAPUS ARE NOT KAPUS.THEIR CASTE NAME IS ONLY MUNNURU.MUNNURUS HAVE NO GOTHRAMS.MUNNURU CASTE ORIGINATED FROM 300 CASTES.ACCORDING TO DWARAKANATH (BALIJA NAIDU)GARU-CHAIRMAN KARNATAKA BC COMMISION THE PROFFESION OF MUNNURU CASTE AS PER 1901 CENSUS IS BEGGING.THE THEORY THAT MUNNURUS HAVE COME FROM THANJAVUR IS A VERY LATEST ONE AND IS OF PURE FICTION.REFER TO THE CASTES AND TRIBES OF NIZAMS DOMINION.THE REDDIES OF TELANGANA ARE CALLED KAPUS. Munnuru Kapu - Apps on Google Play This is the reason the title Reddy is found among the Kapu and Reddy castes. Former Andhra Pradesh BJP chief criticises Somu Veerraju "When recognition of a regional Varna scheme has been unavoidablesuch as Turpu in Telugu means east. [79][80][81] Madhava Varma Bejawada was mentioned in 1509 AD. Balija is a caste of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. You are making allegations which is not true. Munnurukapu are kapus, munnuru means 300, In the olden days rani rudramadevi observed there are large hectares of land to cultivate in telangana region, then some kapus(300) from andhra came to telangana, as the identified as munnuru means 300 Kapu means protector of land,there main occupation is agriculture but in telangana munnurukapus socially & economically backward ie the are under BC-d list, in Andhra kapus are forwardcaste-oc, when coming to Reddy's some notable kapus means frm munnurukapu(telangana) and kapus from andhra as given the title Reddy and there generation continues.munnurukapu&kapu,nd Reddy are same belongs to Kapu community. Fox mentions that All Kapus were classified as forming a backward caste in 1915 by the British government of the Madras Presidency, which remained in force even after the formation of Andhra Pradesh until 1956. Even if you are wrong we are not expecting relationship with balji as mkapus basically warriors origins from naykars of tamilnadu, I am munuru kapu which kapus I should prefer to marry and check in matimony which subcaste of kapus I should choose. Munuru KAPU - ABOUT KAPU'S :- Munnuru Kapu is a | Facebook Palle Kapu is subcaste of Kapu, there are 14kapu castes which belongs to farming community, I e, motati, gudati, pakanati, pantakapu, pallekapu, Munnurukapu etc.All belongs to Kapu castes. Brahmins. What is the highest recorded triglyceride level? struck a deal at kamma expense with the moslem conquerors of the kakatiya ,, || ? The Ontari-Kapu community was primarily specialized in individual weapons like a sword or a spear and was primarily used for special operations. [3] Vaiko is also not Kapu. is another form of the origin ancient tribe Kaampu as mentioned in Only two question to all those Reddy's in telangana state, No.1: " Is your caste Reddy or Kapu"? [75][76][77][78] The Madiraju's gotra was given as Kasyapa and Suryavanshi and related to the Thirumalarajus, both appointed Mahamandeleswars of Guntur area and happened to be the grandchildren of Aravidu Rama Raya. ? hi i m manjuraj naidu from bangalore. They were a part of the Telaga community and were the Imperial guard of the Tanjore Nayaks. Note Ontari of Mudiraj Community are not part of the Kapu-Ontari Caste. This is the reason the title Reddy is found among the Kapu and Reddy castes. But., manaku kavalsndi power kadu helpng nature among ourselves,for example:- in our naidu kingdom tere are many rich people., they should try to adobt the chldrn of backword people in ur gr8 NAIDU caste.,it develops our gr8 dynasty.., "education is basic for developmnt.". By Occupation they are Farmers. Munnuru Kapus are located primarily in the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. Manavaallu entho manchi posision lo unna manaku pedhaga preference ledhu anipisthundi . They were a part of the Telaga community and were the Imperial guard of the Tanjore Nayaks. Pedda Kapu The people involved in administration and ruling of Munnuru Kapu's are primarily concentrated in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The party has also taken into consideration Bandi Sanjay Kumar's caste - Munnuru Kapu - a backward class community, which is numerically powerful in north Telangana districts. On the basis of the occupation they perform, they are named as: Am a lady with a great testimony I live in USA and i am a happy woman today? If it is Reddy then why u people say that u are of Motati Kapu, Gudati Kapu, Pakanati Kapu and Etc. the vast majority of the donations were made by the non-royals, commonly Kaapu dammu ento 2014 elections lo chopidam. Although there are records of donations to the monasteries by the royals, Kurnool. were soon ousted by new powers some of which were probably feudatories Cookie Notice Same with Kareena, she was never the top heroine of her time, never dominated an era. thanks for all achievers and why can't we establish our sangam in every village am belongs to munnuru kapu can write my name as narendar naidu kasthuri plz reply me sir. Telaga. Kapus are primarily an agrarian community, forming a heterogeneous peasant caste. The Brahmins stopped performing the Vedic rituals to the Non- It is the surname coming from ages. Munnurukapu Matrimony App - Apps on Google Play KATTABOMMAN WAS PANDIYA DYNASTY DESCENDANT.THEY SAID IN THEIR INSCRIPTIONS THAT THEY WERE DESCENDANTS OF DAUGHTER OF LORD SRI KRISHNA.IT CAN BE VERIFIED IN AND AROUND THIRUNALVELI THAT THEY WERE YADUS. Belthi Reddi & Prataparudra is prevalent, which is partially But in Rayalaseema Area they are not referred as Kapu but as Balija/Setty Balija/Balija Naidu/Naidu here Kapu refers to Reddys another Community. replaced by governers. Historians consider it as - and coming over us. This book also gives a brief history of the kingdoms ruling over the Deccan. You can also check the Full Telugu NAIDUS (KAPU) actors caste list. The Origin of the Telagas can be traced back to the Western Chalukyan Expansion into Andhra region which happened in the 6th century A.D. Telagas are the most ancient Warrior/Agricultural clans of the Deccan and South India who are specialised in warfare.They ruled over the Palnadu, Velanadu and Renadu Regions of Andhra Pradesh as Fuedataries and Principal Clans of these regions. We are planning to bring this community people in one track. , , . mari krishnadevaraya ela balija caste o.evarnina me caste vadika claim chesukune mundi valid proofs sampadinchandi.. blind info spread cheyakandinenu chusa info antha wikipedia lone.. go through it ANOTHER VERSION OF INFORMATION ON VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRELink : http://kanakaraju.hpage.com/history-of-kshatriyas_52565456.htmlOut of the four clans that ruled the Vijayanagara empire, two clans Saluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty claimed to be of the Kshatriya Varna. The Kapunadu movement was They trace their origin from the word Phd from Osmania university on Munnurukapu caste history and leaders in munnurukapu community. But at the same time dont humilate our kapu brothers in front of them. Some of the well known sub castes of Reddys are. The Kapu community is primarily concentrated in the Coastal Districts of Andhra. Repayment Period:..6. sir y is famous tamil hero n politician vijayakanth name is not added. HISTORY OF KAMMA, KAPU, REDDY & VELAMA - SlideShare Like KAPU, KAPU REDDY. Will surely try for that. of Velanadu regions. I THINK THESE R THE GOOD THINGS FOR DEVELOPING OUR COMMUNITY .. KAPU KAPU KALAVLI MANA SATTA ENTO CHUPALI FIRST KAPU TARVATA OOPU, This message to all my kapu friends. If anyone is having caste feeling, we can call them as wemen, others join hands and do better things.. From other side from which ever community are you from, people from north india will give you same kind of respect because on color and complexion don't forget that. So many of the Genie Boom Lift work with highly did his work fastly great. Above all these differences ,all are humans,unity we stand divide we fall,ilanti feelings valley andhra pradesh two parts avvabothundi. Reddi, Raddi, Reddiar and Reddappa. I AM REALLY HAPPY WITH THIS LIST. rulers like Bahamanis and Qutb Shahis. his conquest. Mana kapu satta ento chupali anti manam andaram unity ga undali first. Posted by Modern day Kapu Community is predominantly are an Agrarian community diversified into Business, Industry, Films, Academia, and IT etc. i hope 2014 ki mana C.M ni chudham. of their spiritual teachers of their ancestors by Guru-Shishya parampara and https://www.amazon.in/ANDHRA Dollar, he is a GOD fearing man, if you are in need of loan and you will pay back the loan please contact him tell him that is Mrs Sharon, that refer you to him. correct and partially false. contact Mr.Ahmed Akeem,via email:- ahmedakeem411@yahoo.in. [9][10][11], The Kapu have been described by Srinivasulu as a "dominant peasant caste in coastal Andhra", with the Telaga listed as "a backward peasant caste" and the Balija as a peasant caste who hold Lingayat beliefs. There are more than 50 sub castes in the Reddy caste. Privacy Policy. Konda Reddy. over upto River Godavari in Deccan. How jokers you are all Hi everybody this is JM from Bangalore,Estate lo Kulagajji chaala thakkuva ga vunna kulam manadi kaani Kula pichhi yekkuvaga vunnattu kanipisthaam watsapp lo,facebook lo, bikes,cars,autos,cinema banner la meeda kulaani represent cheyyadam valla ala kanpadathaam Anthe,ala chesi mana balaanni maname thagginchukuntunnam manam vurrullo BC la nu SC lanu andari tho manchi ga Garvam leekunda kalisimelisi vunde kulam manadi simple ga andaritho manchi ga vuntu kulam Kante Gunam Minna ni nijam ga follow ayyi Kulam mandi Ayina Raajakiyam ga valla vote maathram poorthiga pondaleeka poothunnam??
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