is lindane a severe marine pollutant

Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Nausea. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. NRDC: When the Treatment is Toxic - Pesticides in Head 0000003484 00000 n [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. with the financial assistance of the European Commission. This may result in convulsions. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after Perspectives of lindane (-hexachlorocyclohexane) Air pollution on the Front Range has gotten worse, EPA Diarrhoea. Convulsions. It is of particular concern because of Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. (June 8, 2007 order). A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. DEA methoxycinnamate. LINDANE A REVIEW OF TOXICITY AND [1] [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. Effects of long-term or repeated exposure WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. Not combustible. For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. Each side of the mark must be -. Medical observation is indicated. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. [3] It is presently banned in more than 50 countries, and is being considered for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, which would ban its production and use worldwide. Severe Marine Pollutants - ReadyGo xref Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. ICSC 0053 - LINDANE - International Labour Organization To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. [1] The ecological impact of lindanes environmental persistence continues to be debated. (3) Transitional exception. Decomposes on heating and on burning. Sore throat. "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. Wash hands before eating. (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. Toxicity of lindane induced by oxidative stress and intestinal It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. 104 22 CFR Title 49. Transportation 49 CFR 172.101, App. B [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. 0 WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. Lindane The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. (see also Regulatory Status). (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. This article wants to briefly summarise the 0000006477 00000 n The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis Lindane The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. Dizziness. Routes of exposure 0000001244 00000 n (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. %%EOF Rest. Gyceril PABA. Cough. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Lindane has adverse effects on UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. 0000003215 00000 n Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. Molecular mass: 290.8 In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE Severe 49 CFR 172.322 - Marine pollutants. | Electronic Code Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) - US EPA The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. Vomiting. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in Refer for medical attention . Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. 0000057076 00000 n People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. Formula: C6H6Cl6 eCFR :: 49 CFR 172.322 -- Marine pollutants. 0000002858 00000 n 0000057176 00000 n [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. startxref (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). UN Classification Tremor. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on United Nations Environment Programme - POPs (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. 0000001327 00000 n A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. Hexachlorocyclohexane [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. Where two or more components that make a material a marine pollutant are present, the names of at least two of the components most predominantly contributing to the marine pollutant designation must appear in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name. Rinse mouth. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. 0000050404 00000 n (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. 0000003713 00000 n In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. (Note: These events represent the most common reported to the FDA and do not represent the most common events associated with the use of lindane lotion and lindane shampoo overall). WebThe concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. 0000003168 00000 n %PDF-1.4 % [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. [28] More specifically, the EPA conducted down-the-drain estimates of the amount of lindane reaching public water supplies from the use of lindane medications using data from California water treatment facilities, concluding that lindane levels from pharmaceutical sources were extremely low and not of concern.[5]. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. 104 0 obj <> endobj Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. [7] [17] When used properly, lindane medications are safe and effective for the diseases they are approved. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. hYio+QB L` EDl+b?5 %U`{W5=;" C*LOu3],5K1v)v..%S]*&dc?>|]^+}.{|xu}>_]_og|Sn6?8WagnsyY~9,6lY|y /7buvx|~\^sgd_ yr|t1g/7o_7:E}stm"(:KjuygEwq^|_]. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). 0000000736 00000 n WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane Lindane For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin). Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human (d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required -. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. (B) Bulk packages with a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons); or. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants considers the use of lindane in agriculture as largely redundant, with other, less toxic and less persistent pesticides. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. Physical State; Appearance ILO and WHO 2021. 0000002475 00000 n Store in an area without drain or sewer access. The authors concluded that "The California experience suggests elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. Birmingham Youth Basketball, Articles I