Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? Vol. [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. 5, p. 453. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. Warren, J. [2] By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases . England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. God, Gold, and Glory. Which statements accurately describe the culture or geography - Brainly 37 Questions Show answers. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. "Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet Direct link to 27juliak's post Is there any instances wh, Posted 2 years ago. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. 87-88. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. 1992. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. Direct link to jonathand0412's post Why did the Spanish choos, Posted 3 years ago. The Nahuas after the Conquest. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. 1 (2012): 26-40. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. [96][97] For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? Powers, Stephen. They were referred to as Espaoles and Espaolas, and later being differentiated by the terms indicating place of birth, peninsular for those born in Spain; criollo/criolla or Americano/Ameriana for those born in the Americas. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. [49] Juan de Oate, is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador",[50] expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. Central America - The Spanish conquest | Britannica Hernn Corts requested Franciscan and Dominican friars be sent to New Spain immediately after the conquest of Tenochtitlan to begin evangelization. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. The conquest of the Aztec Empire involved the combined effort of armies from many indigenous allies, spearheaded by a small Spanish force of conquistadors. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. In Peru, the attempt of the newly appointed viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, to implement the New Laws so soon after the conquest sparked a revolt by conquerors against the viceroy and the viceroy was killed in 1546. 37 (2) May 1957. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. "Social climbers: Changing patterns of mobility among the Indians of colonial Peru." The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. The Spaniards persuaded the leaders of Aztec vassals and Tlaxcala (a city-state never conquered by the Aztecs), to ally with them against the Aztecs. [citation needed]. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [10] Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule.
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