This approach is simply based on adding cross-sectional averages to the models as proxies of unobserved common factors. Globalization refers to the increasingly integrated nature of economies around the world. In this context, the determination of the variables that will enable the achievement of the goal of a healthier society is especially important in explaining the economic differences between developing countries and developed countries. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that investigates the relationship between SDG3 and SDG17. Barlow, R., & Vissandjee, B. Please select which sections you would like to print: Fairbank Professor of Chinese Society and Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University. Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. Gelleny, R. D., & McCoy, M. (2001). Given that globalisation is here to stay, it is . Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha, Honor Oumb Tkam & Alim Belek, Muhamadu Awal Kindzeka Wirajing, Tii N. Nchofoung & Roger Tsafack Nanfosso, Yogi Sugiawan, Robi Kurniawan & Shunsuke Managi, Pilar Gracia-de-Rentera, Hugo Ferrer-Prez, George Philippidis, Environment, Development and Sustainability (2020). Although homogenizing influences do indeed exist, they are far from creating anything akin to a single world culture. In general, globalization has been shown to increase the standard of living in developing countries, but some analysts warn that globalization can have a negative effect on local or emerging economies and individual workers.A Historical ViewGlobalization is not new. Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. Technology, goods, investments, information, and services along with the labor market are the most popular components of such activity. In the selection of panel data estimation methods, the results of those preliminary analysis are taken into account. On a global view, although health-related problems are largely resolved, the situation is not as good for low-income countries. Positive Impacts of Globalization Adopting globalization increases free trading opportunities between countries. Using estimation techniques that consider cross-sectional dependence in those countries prevents misleading results. Love, J. L. (1980). The main problem of economics is to increase economic development and social welfare. Ha, E. (2012). Increased Transport of Goods One of the primary results of globalization is that it opens businesses up to new markets in which they can sell goods and source labor, raw materials, and components. While not as wealthy or privileged as their Davos counterparts, members of this international faculty club wield tremendous influence through their association with educational institutions worldwide and have been instrumental in promoting feminism, environmentalism, and human rights as global issues. Article Particularly in empirical work in the context of globalization which refers to economic, political, and cultural integration among countries, considering the cross-sectional dependence becomes more important. These techniques are robust whether N>T and T>N. Therefore, \({CD}_{LM}\) and bias-adjusted LM (\({LM}_{adj})\) tests are found to be appropriate and their test statistics can be calculated as follows: Equation 2 shows the calculation of Pesaran (2004) \({CD}_{LM},\) and Eq. Buss (2002) claimed that the intellectual property rights of advanced drugs belong to private firms in developed countries, and because of the strong protection of property rights, less developed countries have trouble accessing them. For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away. Following the related literature, we present our model as follows: where lex is life expectancy at birth which refers to the average number of years a newborn is expected to live. Competition Competition in the market is largely due to globalization. In the estimation of the model, the panel data analysis methods are used. Globalization and growth. Determinants of health outcomes in industrialized countries: A pooled, cross-country, time-series analysis. Constant and trend are both considered in the analysis of cointegration, and critical values are obtained from 5000 bootstrap replications. De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). The results are shown in Table 4. According to results, per capita income, literacy rate, per capita health expenditure, and urbanization have no significant impact on life expectancy. Globalization, democracy, and child health in developing countries. In low-income countries where people still suffer from having difficulty in meeting basic human needs, increasing per capita income may lead to better nutritional status, easier access to advanced treatment methods and technology. Improved fiscal policies within countries and international trade agreements between them also facilitate globalization. 2. Or, Z. Globalization is affecting every facet of our lives, positively and negatively. It increases the number of international organizations in which a country is a member. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Environmental science and pollution research, 26(13), 1324613262. The impact of economic, social and political globalization indexes is 0.013%, 0.011%, and 0.015% according to CUP-FM estimation results while 0.014%, 0.012%, and 0.017% according to both estimators, respectively. Diabetes Care, 34(6), 12491257. While globalization has been used as an indicator of the partnership between countries, democracy has been used as an indicator of accountability and cooperation between governments and societies. Today, development is no longer a process that can be realized through policies implemented by governments alone. Arif Eser Guzel. The GDP per capita that used as a control variable has a positive impact on life expectancy at a 1% level. (Eds.). From nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: The role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. When these countries are examined, it is seen that 14 of them are countries in the low and lower-middle income groups. However, some countries still suffer from poor adaption to global markets. Corrections? Economic Modelling, 28(3), 795805. It employs as many as four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. Correspondence to Due to the high cost of advanced drugs as in the case of antiretroviral therapy, it should be accepted that people in low-income countries will have trouble accessing the drugs (Buss 2002). Besley, T., & Kudamatsu, M. (2006). The main question of our study is to determine whether the problem of low life expectancy in low-income countries is due to the low levels of globalization and weak political institutions in these countries. Achieving a healthier society requires economic, social, and political integration between governments and societies. New England journal of medicine, 365(6), 493505. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144157. As Dreher (2006) mentioned, despite its possible inequality effects, the net effect of globalization on development is mostly positive and our empirical work supports that idea. These include improving international resource mobility, helping developing countries to attain debt sustainability, promoting the transfer of information and technology between developed and developing countries, an open and rule-based free trade system, encouraging publicprivate and civil society partnerships, increasing transparency and accountability, and high quality and reliable data (United Nations 2019). Globalization, human rights, and the social determinants of health. Income distribution and life expectancy: A critical appraisal. In addition, democracy is an important tool in achieving the goal of a healthy society, as it fosters accountability, transparency, and partnership between governments and the societies they rule. (2006). The results we found contradict Tausch (2015)s evidences in 80 of 99 countries. The case study of Port Elizabeth is used to chart some of these changes. Financing Through the crisis and beyond. 1, X refers to the KOF Globalization Index developed by Dreher (2006). As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), U.S. automobile companies relocated their operations to Mexico, where labor costs are lower. This method is an augmented form of Augmented DickeyFuller (ADF) regression with lagged cross-sectional average and its first difference to deal with cross-sectional dependence (Baltagi, 2008: 249). The only way to access that knowledge and these drugs are trade and integration between developed and underdeveloped countries. Expanding on the concept of Davos culture, sociologist Peter L. Berger observed that the globalization of Euro-American academic agendas and lifestyles has created a worldwide faculty cluban international network of people who share similar values, attitudes, and research goals. By minimizing the BIC, we obtain \(\widehat{k}\). Abingdon: Routledge. The garment industry in Bangladesh, for instance, employs an estimated four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. In addition, the life expectancy at birth variable that mostly used in related literature as a proxy of health status and well-being, it is used in our study as a proxy of SDG3. Marshall, M. G., & Jaggers, K. (2002). alleviation). Politics and population health: Testing the impact of electoral democracy. Applied economics, 38(10), 10911110. Following this study, Or (2000) analyzed the determinants of health outcomes in 21 industrialized OECD countries covering the period 19701992. Their analysis includes annual data from 168 countries covering the period 19602010. Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. According to the results, the null of homogeneity is accepted at %1 in all models. Globalization describes how different world cultures, populations, and economies are interdependent from each other. The advantages of globalization are actually much like the advantages of technological improvement. (1970). Political and economic stability facilitate globalization as well. Propensity to cooperate is measured in experiments involving local and global others. In this study, we determined the number of common factors via the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) as follows. As cultures advanced, they were able to travel farther afield to trade their own goods for desirable products found elsewhere. These days we experience the coronavirus epidemic and we see once again the importance of globalization. It requires cooperation between governments and societies. Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), 509529. 2019a). Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Guzel, A.E., Arslan, U. The globalization variables are between 0100, and 100 refers to the highest globalization level. (2020). Keywords: Cultural globalization, Economic globalization, Political globalization INTRODUCTION What Are the Effects of Globalization on the Environment? Geneva: World Health Organization. Estimating cointegrated panels with common factors and the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis. The impact of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy on life expectancy in low-income countries: are sustainable development goals contradictory? There is a long-run relationship between life expectancy, globalization, democracy, and GDP per capita. Therefore, governments' tendency to violate human rights in order to maintain their power becomes lesser. For this purpose, the role of globalization and democracy in life expectancy is empirically investigated in 16 low-income countries over the period 19702017. In our empirical work, economic, social, and political globalization and democracy variables were used as proxies of the subcomponents of SDG17. Determinants of life expectancy in developing countries. In 2013, a textile factory building collapsed, killing more than 1,100 workers. However, it was emphasized that some sub-goals should be realized in order to reach this goal. 2006). Propelled by the efficiency or appeal of wireless communications, electronic commerce, popular culture, and international travel, globalization has been seen as a trend toward homogeneity that . (2008) bias-adjusted LM test statistic. At the same time, innovations in information technology enable immediate communication and the rapid transfer of financial assets across national borders. The impact of income inequality, environmental degradation and globalization on life expectancy in Pakistan: An empirical analysis. In contrast, the pessimists show that globalization is quite uneven in its impact and gives rise to negative counter-effects on the previously protected sectors, the marginalisation of entire regions of the world economy and possible increases in within-country income inequality (WCII). Positive and negative effects of Globalization. Some observers argue that a rudimentary version of world culture is taking shape among certain individuals who share similar values, aspirations, or lifestyles. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Governments that know the international sanctions required by these violations have to be more cautious against human rights violations. According to estimations of the continuous-updated fully modified (CUP-FM) and bias-adjusted ordinary least squares (BA-OLS), globalization and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization affect life expectancy positively. Development as freedom. The critical values will be provided using the bootstrap method in order to prevent cross-sectional dependence. Many countries have adapted to this process and have enjoyed the welfare effects of globalization by implementing necessary economic and institutional transformation. Is globalization really good for public health? A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. The estimations do not take this process into account may cause inconsistent results. The journal of Developing areas, 41, 185204. Therefore, economic development and improvement of health conditions represent a two-way process. But today there are improved treatment methods to solve these problems. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. 2014). If the null of no cross-sectional dependence is rejected, second-generation methods that assume cross-sectional dependence should be used in order to provide unbiased and consistent estimation results. Deaton, A. Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Thus, unhealthy but traditional consumption patterns and lifestyles may change. In our study, while globalization is used as a proxy indicator of global cooperation, democracy is an indicator of cooperation between societies and governments. Dreher, A., & Gaston, N. (2008). Localisation opportunities provide direct benefits for developing countries to . The globalization of cultural subgroups is not limited to the upper classes. Dreher, A. According to Bai and Kao (2006), CUP-FM estimator is robust under cross-sectional dependence. (2016). Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Hou, F., & Sinha, A. The rejection of the null hypothesis shows that slope coefficients of Eq. 2020). According to results, the null of unit root is accepted for all variables, while calculated CIPS statistics of first-differenced variables exceed 1% critical value. Globalization, economic freedom, and human rights. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Globalization, the positive and negative effects of Globalization. Does globalization affect growth? Sen (1999) claimed that the instrumental role of democracy in solving problems is enabling people to express and support their claims. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. In addition, democracy improves child health and it also increases the beneficial effects of globalization on child health. As stated in the introduction section, low-income countries show low performance in terms of health-related sustainable development goals, and their connections with global markets are weak compared to other countries. Globally, HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria targets have been met. At this point, the literature is divided into two parts. New New technologies which emerge in some developed country are available to other poor and underdeveloped Welander et al. (1999). Knowledge sharing and technology transfer between nations have become easier. List of Electoral Democracies in 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world (Access Date: 11.13.2019). GlobalizationPositive or Negative? BMJ, 329(7480), 14211423. Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., & Triki, T. (2011). Part of. International Journal of Health Services, 36(4), 767786. Trade openness is one of the most important dimensions of globalization. In the estimation of the long-run relationship between the variables, second-generation panel data analysis methods that consider cross-sectional dependency are used. Google Scholar. According to the results, the globalization index and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization are important instruments to achieve a healthier society. Businesses in several different countries may be involved in producing even seemingly simple products such as cotton T-shirts.Globalization affects services too. Welander, A., Lyttkens, C. H., & Nilsson, T. (2015). Franco, ., lvarez-Dardet, C., & Ruiz, M. T. (2004). Australian Economic Papers, 58(4), 444479. Westerlund (2007) showed that the estimation of k provides better results compared to CUP-FM estimator assuming k is known. The result is a smaller, more connected world. While the increases in this indicator represent a more democratic regime, the decreases represent a more autocratic regime. The garment industry in Bangladesh makes clothes that are then shipped out across the world. However, according to Kabir (2008), people living in an urban area can benefit from improved medical care, easy access to pharmacy, and to the hospitals that use higher technology. Empirical results show democracy has a significant positive impact on life expectancy and it reduces infant mortality. However, in 19 of 99 countries, globalization increases public health performance. The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. To answer this question, the role of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy in life expectancy in those countries is empirically investigated. Omissions? Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. Advances in communication enable businesses to identify opportunities for investment. Due to high collinearity, the effects of different types of globalization are analyzed separately. 2009: 10). They circulate in a social world that has multiple home bases, and they have gained access to a unique network of individuals and opportunities. Second, empirical works in previous literature consist of traditional estimation methods called first-generation tests. https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Access Date: December, 2019).
Does Spirit Airlines Require Covid Test For Domestic Flights,
Articles P
